Ingxenye 1 -Ukusebenza okubandayofainsimbi
Cold working die steel ihlanganisa isikhunta sokukhiqiza ukubhoboza nokusika (ukuvala nokubhoboza isikhunta, ukuphungula isikhunta, izibhakela, isikelo), isikhunta esibanda esihlokweni esibandayo, isikhunta esibandayo se-extrusion, isikhunta esigobayo, nokubunjwa kokudweba ngocingo, njll.
1. Izimo zokusebenza kanye nezidingo zokusebenza zomsebenzi obandayoinsimbi yokufa
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokusebenza okubandayoinsimbi yokufa, ngenxa yokumelana okuphezulu kokuguquguquka kwezinto ezicutshungulwayo, ingxenye esebenzayo yesikhunta ithwala ukucindezela okukhulu, amandla okugoba, amandla omthelela, namandla okungqubuzana.Ngakho-ke, isizathu esivamile sokususa isikhunta esibandayo esisebenzayo ngokuvamile sibangelwa ukuguga nokudabuka.Kukhona futhi izimo lapho behluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokuphuka, amandla okuwa, kanye nokuguqulwa okudlula ukubekezelelana.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi yokusika, umsebenzi obandayoinsimbi yokufainokufana okuningi.Isikhunta siyadingeka ukuze sibe nobulukhuni obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka, amandla aphezulu okugoba, nokuqina okwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka kahle kwenqubo yokugxiviza.Umehluko ulele ekubunjweni okuyinkimbinkimbi nokucubungula ubuchwepheshe besikhunta, kanye nendawo enkulu yokungqubuzana kanye nethuba eliphezulu lokugqoka, okwenza kube nzima ukulungisa nokugaya.Ngakho-ke, ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu kuyadingeka.Lapho isikhunta sisebenza, sithwala ukucindezela okuphezulu kokushaya futhi sijwayele ukugxila ekucindezelekeni ngenxa yokuma kwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho kudinga ukuqina okuphezulu;Isikhunta sinosayizi omkhulu kanye nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho sidinga ukuqina okuphezulu, ukuguqulwa okuncane, nokuthambekela kokuqhekeka.Ngamafuphi, izidingo zokuqina, ukumelana nokugqoka, kanye nokuqina komsebenzi obandayoinsimbi yokufaziphakeme kunezinsimbi zamathuluzi okusika.Kodwa-ke, izidingo zokuqina okubomvu ziphansi kakhulu noma azidingeki ngokuyisisekelo (ngoba zakhiwe endaweni ebandayo), ngakho-ke amanye amamaki ensimbi afanele ukubunjwa komsebenzi obandayo nawo akhiwe, njengokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu, ukuguqulwa okuncane. umsebenzi obandayoinsimbi yokufakanye nokuqina okuphezulu komsebenzi obandayoinsimbi yokufa.
2. Ukukhetha ibanga lensimbi
Imvamisa, ngokuya ngezimo zokusebenzisa isikhunta esibandayo sokusebenza, ukukhethwa kwamabanga ensimbi kungahlukaniswa ngezimo ezine ezilandelayo:
①Cisikhunta esidala esisebenzayo esinosayizi omncane, umumo olula, nomthwalo omncane.
Isibonelo, ama-punch amancane nezikele zokusika amapuleti ensimbi angenziwa ngezinsimbi zamathuluzi ekhabhoni njenge-T7A, T8A, T10A, ne-T12A.Izinzuzo zalolu hlobo lwensimbi yilezi;Ukucutshungulwa okuhle, intengo eshibhile, nomthombo olula.Kodwa imibimbi yayo yilezi: ukuqina okuphansi, ukumelana nokugqokwa okungekuhle, kanye ne-deformation enkulu yokucisha.Ngakho-ke, ifaneleka kuphela kumathuluzi okukhiqiza anezilinganiso ezincane, izimo ezilula, nemithwalo elula, kanye nesikhunta esibandayo esisebenzayo esidinga ungqimba oluphansi oluqinile kanye nokuqina okuphezulu.
② Isikhunta esibanda esisebenzayo esinobukhulu obukhulu, izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, nemithwalo elula.
Izinhlobo zensimbi ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka izinsimbi zamathuluzi okusika ingxubevange ephansi njenge-9SiCr, CrWMn, GCr15, kanye ne-9Mn2V.Ububanzi bokucisha balezi zinsimbi emafutheni ngokuvamile bungafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-40mm.Phakathi kwazo, insimbi ye-9Mn2V iwuhlobo lomsebenzi obandayoinsimbi yokufaithuthukiswe e-China eminyakeni yamuva nje engenayo i-Cr.Ingashintsha noma ishintshe ingxenye yensimbi equkethe i-Cr.
I-carbide heterogeneity kanye nokucisha kokuqhekeka kwensimbi ye-9Mn2V kuncane kunaleyo yensimbi ye-CrWMn, futhi ukuthambekela kokususa inkabu kuncane kunaleyo kwensimbi ye-9SiCr, kuyilapho ukuqina kukhulu kunokwensimbi yethuluzi le-carbon.Intengo yayo ingaphezulu ngo-30% kuphela kuneyakamuva, ngakho-ke iyizinga lensimbi elifanele ukukhangiswa nokusetshenziswa.Kodwa-ke, insimbi ye-9Mn2V nayo inezihibe ezithile, njengokuqina komthelela ophansi kanye nokuqhekeka okutholakala ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqina kokushisa akubi, futhi izinga lokushisa lokushisa ngokuvamile alidluli ku-180 ℃.Uma ukufudumala ku-200 ℃, amandla okugoba nokuqina kuqala ukukhombisa amanani aphansi.
Insimbi engu-9Mn2V ingacinywa ekucimeni imidiya enekhono lokupholisa elithambile njenge-nitrate namafutha ashisayo.Kwezinye isikhunta esinezidingo eziqinile zokuguquguquka kanye nezidingo zobulukhuni obuphansi, i-austenitic isothermal quenching ingasetshenziswa.
③ Isikhunta esibanda esisebenzayo esinobukhulu obukhulu, izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, nemithwalo esindayo.
I-alloy emaphakathi noma insimbi ephezulu ye-alloy kumele isetshenziswe, njenge-Cr12Mo, Crl2MoV, Cr6WV, Cr4W2MoV, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi enesivinini esiphezulu ingasetshenziswa.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umkhuba wokusebenzisa insimbi enesivinini esikhulu njengesikhunta sokusebenza esibandayo uye wanda, kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, akusasetshenziswa amandla aqinile abomvu ayingqayizivele yensimbi enesivinini esikhulu, kodwa kunalokho ukuqina kwayo okuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu.Ngakho-ke, kufanele futhi kube nokuhluka kwenqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa.
Uma usebenzisa insimbi enesivinini esikhulu njengesikhunta esibandayo, ukucisha izinga lokushisa eliphansi kufanele kusetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ukuqina.Isibonelo, izinga lokushisa elivame ukusetshenziswa lokucisha lamathuluzi okusika insimbi e-W18Cr4V ngu-1280-1290 ℃.Lapho wenza isikhunta esibandayo esisebenzayo, ukushisa okuphansi kokucisha ku-1190 ℃ kufanele kusetshenziswe.Esinye isibonelo yinsimbi ye-W6Mo5Cr4V2.Ngokusebenzisa ukucisha izinga lokushisa eliphansi, impilo yesevisi ingathuthukiswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokunciphisa kakhulu izinga lokulahlekelwa.
④ Isikhunta esibanda esisebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo enomthelela futhi esinezikhala ezincane ze-blade.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izidingo zokusebenza zezinhlobo ezintathu zokuqala zensimbi ebandayo ziwukumelana nokugqokwa okuphezulu, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa insimbi ephezulu ye-carbon hypereutectoid kanye nensimbi ye-ledeburite.Kodwa-ke, kokunye ukusebenza okubandayo kuyafa, njengokusikwa kombhoshongo oseceleni kanye nokufa okungenalutho, onamalunga ezinqe amancane futhi angaphansi komthwalo womthelela lapho usetshenziswa, ukuqina komthelela omkhulu kuyadingeka.Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu kungqubuzana, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingathathwa:
Ⅰ-ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni futhi usebenzise insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid ukuze ugweme ukwehla kokuqina kwensimbi okubangelwa ama-carbides ayisisekelo nesesibili;
Ⅱ-Ukwengeza izakhi ze-alloy ezifana no-Si no-Cr ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwesifuthefuthe nezinga lokushisa lensimbi (i-tempering at 240-270 ℃) kunenzuzo ekuqedeni ngokugcwele ukucindezelwa kokucisha nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza ngaphandle kokunciphisa ubulukhuni;
Ⅲ-Engeza izakhi ezifana no-W ukuze wenze i-refractory carbides ukuze ucwenge okusanhlamvu futhi uthuthukise ukuqina.Izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuqina okuphezulu kokusebenza okubandayo zifaka i-6SiCr, 4CrW2Si, 5CrW2Si, njll.
3. Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Ngokugcwele Amandla Okusebenza Kwensimbi Esebenzayo Ebandayo
Uma usebenzisa insimbi yohlobo lwe-Cr12 noma insimbi enesivinini esikhulu njengezikhunta ezibandayo ezisebenzayo, inkinga evelele ukonakala okuphezulu kwensimbi, okuvame ukuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukucwenga ama-carbides usebenzisa izindlela ezanele zokubumba.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamaki amasha ensimbi kufanele athuthukiswe.Okugxilwe ekuthuthukiseni amamaki ensimbi amasha kufanele kube ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi kanye nenani lezinto ezakha ama-carbides.
Insimbi ye-Cr4W2MoV inezinzuzo ezinjengokuqina okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu, nokuqina okuhle.Iphinde ibe nokusimama okuhle kokushisa kanye nezakhiwo ezibanzi zemishini.Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-silicon steel sheet dies, njll. Ingakhuphula isikhathi sokuphila izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-1-3 uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi ye-Cr12MoV.Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa lokubumba lale nsimbi lincane, futhi lijwayele ukuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokufojwa.Izinga lokushisa lokubumba kanye nezici zokusebenza kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile.
Insimbi ye-Cr2Mn2SiWMoV inezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokucisha, ukuwohloka okuncane kokucisha, nokuqina okuphezulu.Kuyaziwa ngokuthi i-air quenched micro deformationinsimbi yokufa.
Insimbi engu-7W7Cr4MoV ingangena esikhundleni sensimbi ye-W18Cr4V ne-Cr12MoV.Isici saso ukuthi ukungafani kwe-carbides nokuqina kwensimbi kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu.
Ingxenye2 -Ukusebenza okushisayoinsimbi yokufa
1. Izimo zokusebenza zesikhunta esisebenzayo esishisayo
Isikhunta esisebenzayo esishisayo sihlanganisa isikhunta sokubumba isando, isikhunta se-hot extrusion, kanye nesikhunta se-die-casting.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, isici esiyinhloko sezimo zokusebenza zesikhunta esishisayo esisebenzayo sithintana nensimbi eshisayo, okuwumehluko omkhulu ezimeni zokusebenza zokubunjwa okubandayo okusebenzayo.Ngakho-ke, kuzoletha izinkinga ezimbili ezilandelayo:
(1) Insimbi engaphezulu yesikhunta iyashisisa.Ngokuvamile, lapho ukufa kwe-hammering kusebenza, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwendawo yokufa lingafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-300-400 ℃, futhi ukufa okushisayo kwe-extrusion kungafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-500-800 ℃;Izinga lokushisa lesikhunta se-die-casting lihlobene nohlobo lwe-die-casting material kanye nezinga lokushisa elithelayo.Lapho i-die-casting black metal, izinga lokushisa lomgodi wesikhunta lingafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-1000 ℃.Amazinga okushisa anjalo aphezulu azonciphisa kakhulu ubulukhuni bobuso namandla wesikhunta, okwenza kube lula ukugoqa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.Isidingo esiyisisekelo sokusebenza kokushisayoinsimbi yokufaukumelana okuphezulu kwe-thermoplastic, okuhlanganisa ubulukhuni bezinga lokushisa eliphezulu namandla, kanye nokumelana okuphezulu kwe-thermoplastic, okubonisa ngempela ukuzinza okuphezulu kokufutheka kwensimbi.Kulokhu, indlela yokuqala yokuhlanganisa insimbi eshisayo ingatholakala, okungukuthi, ukwengeza izakhi ze-alloying ezifana ne-Cr, W, Si kungathuthukisa ukuzinza kwensimbi.
(2) Ukukhathala okushisayo (ukuqhekeka) kwenzeka phezu kwensimbi engaphezulu yesikhunta.Izici zokusebenza zesikhunta esishisayo zihamba kancane.Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwensimbi ngayinye eshisayo, ingaphezulu lesikhunta kufanele lipholiswe imidiya efana namanzi, uwoyela, nomoya.Ngakho-ke, isimo sokusebenza sesikhunta esishisayo sishiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi sipholisiwe, ukuze insimbi engaphezulu yesikhunta sesikhunta izobhekana nokunwetshwa okuphindaphindiwe kokushisa, okungukuthi, ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuqinile nokucindezelayo.Ngenxa yalokho, ubuso besikhunta buzoqhekeka, okubizwa ngokuthi ukukhathala okushisayo.Ngakho-ke, imfuneko yesibili yokusebenza eyisisekelo kwabashisayoinsimbi yokufaibekwe phambili, okungukuthi, inokumelana nokukhathala okuphezulu okushisayo.
Ngokuvamile, izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukumelana nokukhathala okushisayo kwensimbi yizi:
① I-thermal conductivity yensimbi.Ukushisa okuphezulu kwensimbi kunganciphisa izinga lokushisa phezu kwensimbi engaphezulu yesikhunta, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukuthambekela kwensimbi ekukhathaleni okushisayo.Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi i-thermal conductivity yensimbi ihlobene nokuqukethwe kwayo kwekhabhoni.Lapho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuphezulu, i-thermal conductivity iphansi, ngakho-ke akufanelekile ukusebenzisa i-carbon steel ephezulu emsebenzini oshisayo.insimbi yokufa.Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi yensimbi ye-carbon steel (C0.3% 5-0.6%) ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, okungaholela ekwehleni kokuqina namandla ensimbi futhi kuyingozi.
② Iphuzu elibalulekile umphumela wensimbi.Ngokuvamile, ukuphakama kwephoyinti elibalulekile (i-Acl) lensimbi, kuyancipha ukuthambekela kokukhathala okushisayo.Ngakho-ke, iphuzu elibalulekile lensimbi livame ukukhuphuka ngokungeza izakhi ze-alloying Cr, W, Si, kanye nomthofu.Ngakho-ke kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokukhathala okushisayo kwensimbi.
2. Insimbi yesikhunta esisetshenziswa kakhulu esishisayo
(1) Insimbi yokwenza isando iyafa.Ngokuvamile, kunezinkinga ezimbili ezivelele ngokusetshenziswa kwensimbi ekwenzeni isikhunta esando sokubumba.Okokuqala, ingaphansi kwemithwalo yethonya ngesikhathi sokusebenza.Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zemishini yensimbi ziyadingeka ukuba zibe phezulu, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki nokuqina;Isizathu sesibili ukuthi usayizi we-cross-sectional we-hammer forging die mkhulu kakhulu (<400mm), odinga ukuqina okuphezulu kwensimbi ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-microstructure efanayo nokusebenza kwayo yonke i-die.
Izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu isando zokubumba zihlanganisa i-5CrNiMo, 5CrMnMo, 5CrNiW, 5CrNiTi, kanye ne-5CrMnMoSiV.Izinhlobo ezahlukene zesikhunta iso lesando kufanele zisebenzise izinto ezahlukene.Ngokwenziwa kwesando esikhulu kakhulu noma esikhulu kuyafa, i-5CrNiMo iyakhethwa.I-5CrNiTi, 5CrNiW, noma i-5CrMnMoSi nayo ingasetshenziswa.Insimbi engu-5CrMnMo ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukufakela isando esincane nesiphakathi nendawo.
(2) Insimbi isetshenziselwa isikhunta esishisayo se-extrusion, futhi isici sokusebenza sesikhunta se-hot extrusion ijubane lokulayisha elihamba kancane.Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lokushisa kwe-mold cavity liphakeme kakhulu, ngokuvamile lifika ku-500-800 ℃.Izidingo zokusebenza zalolu hlobo lwensimbi kufanele zigxile kakhulu kumandla okushisa aphezulu (okungukuthi ukuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa) kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.Izidingo ze-AK nokuba lukhuni zingehliswa ngokufanelekile.Ngokuvamile, ubukhulu besikhunta se-extrusion esishisayo sincane, ngokuvamile singaphansi kuka-70-90 mm.
Izibungu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezishisayo zifaka i-4CrW2Si, 3Cr2W8V, kanye no-5% Cr uhlobo lomsebenzi oshisayo.insimbi yokufas.Phakathi kwazo, i-4CrW2Si ingasetshenziswa njengomsebenzi obandayo womabiliinsimbi yokufanomsebenzi oshisayoinsimbi yokufa.Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuhlukile, izindlela ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa zingasetshenziswa.Uma wenza isikhunta esibandayo, amazinga okushisa aphansi okucisha (870-900 ℃) kanye nokwelashwa kokushisisa okuphansi noma okuphakathi kuyasetshenziswa;Uma wenza isikhunta esishisayo, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokucisha (imvamisa lingama-950-1000 ℃) kanye nokwelashwa okushisayo okunokushisa okuphezulu kuyasetshenziswa.
(3) Insimbi yesikhunta esifayo.Sekukonke, izidingo zokusebenza zensimbi zokubunjwa kwe-die-casting zifana nalezo zesikhunta esishisayo se-extrusion, ngokuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nokumelana nokukhathala okushisayo kuyizidingo eziyinhloko.Ngakho uhlobo lwensimbi oluvame ukusetshenziswa ngokuvamile lufana nensimbi esetshenziselwa isikhunta esishisayo se-extrusion.Njengenjwayelo, kusetshenziswa insimbi efana ne-4CrW2Si ne-3Cr2W8V.Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko, njengokusetshenziswa kwe-40Cr, 30CrMnSi, kanye ne-40CrMo endaweni encibilikayo ephansi ye-Zn alloy die-casting molds;Okwesikhunta se-Al ne-Mg alloy die-casting, i-4CrW2Si, 4Cr5MoSiV, njll. ingakhethwa.Okwesikhunta se-Cu alloy die-casting, insimbi engu-3Cr2W8V isetshenziswa kakhulu.
UchwephesheIfa SithiSumphakeli – Jinbaicheng Metal
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-21-2023